Finding a lump under your jaw, in your neck or behind your ear can be worrying. In most cases, swollen lymph nodes are a sign that your body’s fighting an infection. However, if the swelling lasts longer than expected or develops without an obvious cause, it may be time to seek expert advice.
What are lymph nodes, and why do they swell?
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped glands that form part of the body’s immune system. They filter out bacteria, viruses and other harmful substances, helping to protect you from infection.
When the body detects infection or inflammation, nearby lymph nodes can become enlarged or tender as they produce more white blood cells to fight off the problem. This swelling is most commonly felt in the neck, armpits or groin.
Common causes of swollen lymph nodes
Swollen lymph nodes are most often linked to mild or short-term illnesses such as:
- Throat infections, like tonsillitis
- Ear infections
- Colds or flu
- Dental infections or abscesses
- Glandular fever (a viral infection)
These infections usually resolve on their own or with simple treatment, such as antibiotics.
Once the underlying cause is treated or improves, your lymph nodes should gradually return to their normal size.
How long should swollen lymph nodes last?
In most people, lymph nodes begin to shrink back within two to three weeks of an infection clearing. Occasionally, they may stay slightly enlarged for a little longer, especially after glandular fever or other viral illnesses.
However, if a lymph node remains swollen for more than four weeks, continues to grow or feels firm and fixed in place, this may suggest an underlying cause that needs investigation.
When to be concerned about swollen lymph nodes
While most cases are harmless, persistent or unusual lymph node swelling can sometimes be linked to more significant conditions.
You should seek medical attention if you notice any of the following:
- A lump that lasts longer than four weeks
- Swelling that continues to enlarge
- Lumps that feel hard, irregular or immovable
Additionally, seek advice if you have any of these symptoms alongside swollen lymph nodes:
- Unexplained weight loss
- Night sweats or persistent fever
- Fatigue
- Difficulty swallowing, altered voice or a sore throat that does not improve
- Persistent ear pain or a blocked nose on one side
These symptoms don’t necessarily mean something serious, but they should always be checked by an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist or doctor to rule out causes such as thyroid disorders, autoimmune diseases or, in rare cases, head and neck cancers.
How are swollen lymph nodes investigated?
An ENT specialist will begin by taking a full history and examining your head and neck area.
Depending on your symptoms, further tests may include:
- Ultrasound scan – a painless imaging scan that assesses the size and structure of the lymph node
- Needle aspiration or biopsy – a small sample of cells may be taken for analysis to confirm the cause of swelling
- Blood tests – used if infection, immune disorders or tumours are suspected
These investigations help identify whether the swelling is caused by infection or related to another condition that may require treatment.
Treatment options for swollen lymph nodes
Treatment for swollen lymph nodes depends on what’s causing them. If the swelling is due to an infection, antibiotics or antiviral medicines may be prescribed to help clear it.
If inflammation is the cause, your doctor might recommend anti-inflammatory medication to reduce swelling and discomfort. In some cases, if the immune system is overactive, specific treatments can help calm this response.
If the swelling is linked to a lump or tumour, your specialist will talk you through the most suitable next steps – trying to find out where the tumour causing the lump is. This is then followed by surgery to remove the affected area or, if necessary, treatments such as radiotherapy. Your ENT specialist will ensure that any plan is tailored to your individual diagnosis and needs.
How long should you wait before speaking to a doctor?
If swollen lymph nodes haven’t settled after four weeks, are getting larger or are linked with other concerning symptoms, you should seek medical advice. Early assessment helps identify the cause quickly and ensures any serious conditions are treated without delay.
Access dedicated ENT care with Mr Wale Olarinde
For expert assessment and peace of mind, book a consultation with Mr Wale Olarinde, a highly experienced ENT specialist in Sheffield with extensive expertise in diagnosing and managing neck lumps and related head and neck conditions.