Hearing loss is a common condition that can affect people of all ages. It can develop gradually over time or occur suddenly, impacting communication and quality of life. While hearing loss has many potential causes, four major factors contribute to most cases. Understanding these causes can help with prevention, early detection, and effective management.
Age-related hearing loss (Presbyacusis)
Presbyacusis is the most common cause of hearing loss, primarily affecting older adults. It occurs due to the gradual degeneration of the inner ear’s delicate structures, including the specialised hearing nerves and sensory cells within the cochlea.
Symptoms of presbyacusis:
- Difficulty hearing conversations in noisy environments
- Perception that people are mumbling or not speaking clearly
- Increased reliance on lip-reading or subtitles on television
Unfortunately, presbyacusis is irreversible, but hearing aids can significantly improve sound clarity and communication. Modern digital hearing aids are highly advanced and can be customised to an individual’s needs, making them an essential solution for managing age-related hearing loss.
Noise-induced hearing loss
Exposure to loud noise, whether through occupational hazards or recreational activities, is a leading cause of preventable hearing loss. Loud sounds damage the tiny hair cells in the inner ear responsible for transmitting sound signals to the brain. Once these cells are damaged, they do not regenerate.
Common sources of noise-induced hearing loss:
- Working in noisy environments (construction, factories, music industry)
- Prolonged use of headphones at high volumes
- Frequent exposure to loud concerts, nightclubs, or sporting events
Because noise-induced hearing loss is permanent, prevention is key. Wearing ear protection in loud environments and keeping headphone volumes at safe levels can help preserve hearing.
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL)
Sudden hearing loss is a medical emergency that typically affects one ear. It can occur over a few hours or within a few days, often without a clear cause. While some cases resolve on their own, urgent (i.e. within 12-18 hours) medical attention is crucial, as early treatment can improve the chances of recovery.
Signs of sudden hearing loss:
- Rapid loss of hearing in one ear
- A feeling of fullness in the affected ear
- Dizziness or ringing in the ear (tinnitus)
Anyone experiencing sudden hearing loss should seek immediate evaluation by an ENT specialist, as prompt intervention can help prevent permanent damage.
Medical conditions and other causes
Hearing loss can also result from various medical conditions and external factors, including:
- Viral Infections – Some viruses, such as measles, mumps, and meningitis, can damage the inner ear.
- Ototoxic Medications – Certain drugs, including chemotherapy agents and some antibiotics, can harm the inner ear.
- Trauma – Head injuries or perforated eardrums can impact hearing.
- Congenital Factors – Some individuals are born with hearing loss due to genetic conditions or complications during birth.
- Brain Tumours – Rarely, tumours such as acoustic neuromas can affect hearing by pressing on the auditory nerve.
Hearing loss can develop due to a variety of factors, from ageing and noise exposure to sudden loss and underlying medical conditions. While some causes are preventable, others require early diagnosis and management to minimise their impact. If you are experiencing hearing difficulties, consulting Mr Wale Olarinde, an expert ENT specialist, can help you determine the cause and explore the best treatment options for your needs. Book your consultation today.