Recurring tongue ulcers can be both frustrating and painful, making simple tasks like eating, drinking, or speaking uncomfortable. Understanding why you might be prone to frequent tongue ulcers is essential, as it can help you manage, prevent, or treat the underlying causes effectively.
Common causes of recurrent tongue ulcers
There are several reasons why tongue ulcers may frequently appear. Below are some common causes to consider:
Trauma or injury
The tongue is easily injured by accidental bites, sharp or broken teeth, braces, or ill-fitting dentures. Continuous friction or irritation can lead to repeated ulcers. If this is the case, a dental check-up to address the cause can provide relief.
Aphthous ulcers (Canker sores)
Aphthous ulcers, commonly known as canker sores, are painful, shallow ulcers that often recur. They can be triggered by various factors, including stress, hormonal changes, or certain foods such as citrus fruits, spicy meals, or chocolate. They typically resolve within one to two weeks, but some individuals experience them frequently.
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies
Frequent tongue ulcers might indicate deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals, particularly iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. These deficiencies affect the health of your mouth’s lining, making it more vulnerable to developing ulcers. A balanced diet or supplementation, advised by a healthcare provider, can address this issue.
Stress and anxiety
Stress is a common but often overlooked cause of recurrent mouth and tongue ulcers. During periods of stress, your body’s immune system can become compromised, making you more susceptible to developing painful sores. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, or counselling may reduce ulcer frequency.
Autoimmune conditions
Certain autoimmune conditions like Behçet’s disease, Crohn’s disease, or coeliac disease are associated with recurring mouth and tongue ulcers. These conditions cause inflammation in various parts of the body, including the mouth. If autoimmune conditions are suspected, medical consultation is essential.
Underlying health conditions
Other health conditions, such as viral infections (e.g., herpes simplex virus), bacterial infections, or certain medications, can cause tongue ulcers. It’s important to review any medications with your doctor and rule out infections.
When should tongue ulcers be a concern?
While most tongue ulcers are harmless and resolve within a couple of weeks, some signs suggest you should seek prompt medical attention:
- Ulcers lasting longer than three weeks
- Persistent pain or difficulty eating and drinking
- Unusual appearance, such as a raised edge or irregular shape
- Frequent recurrence without a clear cause
- Accompanying symptoms like unexplained weight loss or fatigue
Could tongue ulcers be a sign of cancer?
Persistent or non-healing ulcers can sometimes indicate a more serious condition like oral cancer. Risk factors include smoking, excessive alcohol use (particularly spirits), chewing tobacco, or betel nuts. Early diagnosis of oral cancer significantly improves outcomes, making it crucial to seek medical advice if you have concerns.
How to manage and prevent tongue ulcers
- Practice good oral hygiene – Use a soft toothbrush and mild toothpaste.
- Avoid trigger foods – Limit spicy, acidic, or hard foods that might irritate your tongue.
- Address dental issues – Fix any sharp teeth, braces, or ill-fitting dentures.
- Manage stress – Employ relaxation techniques or counselling.
- Ensure a balanced diet – Include foods rich in iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
Recurring tongue ulcers can stem from various causes, ranging from minor injuries to underlying medical conditions. If you experience frequent, persistent, or concerning tongue ulcers, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional. For expert assessment and tailored treatment, contact Mr Wale Olarinde, an experienced ENT specialist, who can provide valuable guidance on managing mouth and tongue ulcers effectively.